Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats

Aref Barkhordari; Jalal Hassan; Raham Armand; Ehsan Zayerzadeh; Mohammad Kazem Koohi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11

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Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats

Aref Barkhordari, Jalal Hassan, Raham Armand, Ehsan Zayerzadeh, Mohammad Kazem Koohi

Published in International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 8, Issue 3)

Received: 13 August 2023 Accepted: 28 August 2023 Published: 6 September 2023

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Abstract

Background: Biocides are compounds that could be obtained from natural sources or through chemical synthesis. They used to control or prevent harmful organisms. They contain active ingredients such as microorganisms and substances that affect harmful organisms. Although low-concentration biocides have been used to control pests, they can be harmful more than industrial chemicals because humans are directly and frequently exposed to such biocides. Benzoalconium chloride (BAC) and dibromo nitrilepropionamide (DBNPA) are two biocides which are frequently used in the water treatment industry. Therefore, risk assessment of them are quite urgent. Hence, in this study, we investigate safety and potential toxicity of these biocides. Methods: The animals were randomly divided into 15 groups of five. Seven groups related to BAC and seven groups related to DBNPA, which received separately doses of 50, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), as they were treated orally (gavage) every 48 hours for two weeks; so that each group received a total of seven doses, respectively. Biochemical markers and hematological parameters were evaluated for toxicity assessment of BAC and DBNPA in female wistar rats. Results: Our findings demonstrated that the toxicity of DBNPA was more than BAC. The safe concentration was obtained 175 and 75.5 mg/kg in water for BAC and DBNPA, respectively. LD50 for BAC was 2346 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), and for the DBNPA was 1062 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg). Lymphocyte level was significantly raised in groups that were treated with high doses of DBNPA. Other hematological parameters were not different significantly in both groups. In addition, there were no significant changes in biochemical parameters in both groups. Conclusion: To be conclude, BAC and DBNPA are safe and using them with standard concentrations in water treatment industries does not pose a problem for human health.

Published in	International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 8, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11
Page(s)	33-36
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Benzalkonium Chloride, Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide, Ld50, Toxicity, Rat

References

[1]	Food and Drug Administration. 42912 Federal Register/Vol. 81, No. 126/Thrsday, June 30, 2016/Proposed Rules.
[2]	European Commission. EU Reference Laboratory for Pesticides Requiring Single, Residue Methods: Analysis of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) in Fruits and Vegetables using QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS. 2016 Version 5.
[3]	EPA U. Reregistration eligibility decision (RED), 2, 2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) and Benzalkonium chloride. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1994.
[4]	Deutschle T, Porkert U, Reiter R, Keck T, & Riechelmann H. In vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of benzalkonium chloride. Toxicology in vitro, 2006. 20 (8), 1472-1477.
[5]	Bertheas U, Majamaa K, Arzu A, Pahnke, R. Use of DBNPA to control biofouling in RO systems. Desalination and Water treatment, 2009. 3 (1-3), 175-178.
[6]	De Baat M, Kraak M, Van der Oost R, De Voogt P, Verdonschot P. Effect-based nationwide surface water quality assessment to identify ecotoxicological risks. Water Research, 2019. 159, 434-443.
[7]	Chen Jie Han B, Dai H and Jia P. Biocide-tolerance and antibiotic-resistance in community environments and risk of direct transfers to humans: Unintended consequences of community-wide surface disinfecting during COVID-19? Environ Pollut. 2021 Aug 15; 283: 117074.
[8]	Hahn S, Schneider K, Gartiser S, Heger W, Mangelsdorf I. Consumer exposure to biocides - identification of relevant sources and evaluation of possible health effects. Environ Health. 2010; 9: 7.
[9]	Faqi AS. Clinical pathology. In: A comprehensive guide to toxicology in preclinical drug development. London: Academic press; 2013. p. 167–210.
[10]	Choi HY, Lee YH, Lim CH, Kim YS, Lee IS, Jo JM, Seo DS. Assessment of respiratory and systemic toxicity of Benzalkonium chloride following a 14-day inhalation study in rats. Particle and fibre toxicology, 2020. 17 (1), 5.

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Aref Barkhordari, Jalal Hassan, Raham Armand, Ehsan Zayerzadeh, Mohammad Kazem Koohi. (2023). Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats. International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 8(3), 33-36. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11

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ACS Style

Aref Barkhordari; Jalal Hassan; Raham Armand; Ehsan Zayerzadeh; Mohammad Kazem Koohi. Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats. Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2023, 8(3), 33-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11

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AMA Style

Aref Barkhordari, Jalal Hassan, Raham Armand, Ehsan Zayerzadeh, Mohammad Kazem Koohi. Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats. Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2023;8(3):33-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11,
  author = {Aref Barkhordari and Jalal Hassan and Raham Armand and Ehsan Zayerzadeh and Mohammad Kazem Koohi},
  title = {Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats},
  journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {33-36},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20230803.11},
  abstract = {Background: Biocides are compounds that could be obtained from natural sources or through chemical synthesis. They used to control or prevent harmful organisms. They contain active ingredients such as microorganisms and substances that affect harmful organisms. Although low-concentration biocides have been used to control pests, they can be harmful more than industrial chemicals because humans are directly and frequently exposed to such biocides. Benzoalconium chloride (BAC) and dibromo nitrilepropionamide (DBNPA) are two biocides which are frequently used in the water treatment industry. Therefore, risk assessment of them are quite urgent. Hence, in this study, we investigate safety and potential toxicity of these biocides. Methods: The animals were randomly divided into 15 groups of five. Seven groups related to BAC and seven groups related to DBNPA, which received separately doses of 50, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), as they were treated orally (gavage) every 48 hours for two weeks; so that each group received a total of seven doses, respectively. Biochemical markers and hematological parameters were evaluated for toxicity assessment of BAC and DBNPA in female wistar rats. Results: Our findings demonstrated that the toxicity of DBNPA was more than BAC. The safe concentration was obtained 175 and 75.5 mg/kg in water for BAC and DBNPA, respectively. LD50 for BAC was 2346 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), and for the DBNPA was 1062 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg). Lymphocyte level was significantly raised in groups that were treated with high doses of DBNPA. Other hematological parameters were not different significantly in both groups. In addition, there were no significant changes in biochemical parameters in both groups. Conclusion: To be conclude, BAC and DBNPA are safe and using them with standard concentrations in water treatment industries does not pose a problem for human health.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats
AU - Aref Barkhordari
AU - Jalal Hassan
AU - Raham Armand
AU - Ehsan Zayerzadeh
AU - Mohammad Kazem Koohi
Y1 - 2023/09/06
PY - 2023
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11
DO - 10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11
T2 - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JF - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JO - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
SP - 33
EP - 36
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2575-1735
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11
AB - Background: Biocides are compounds that could be obtained from natural sources or through chemical synthesis. They used to control or prevent harmful organisms. They contain active ingredients such as microorganisms and substances that affect harmful organisms. Although low-concentration biocides have been used to control pests, they can be harmful more than industrial chemicals because humans are directly and frequently exposed to such biocides. Benzoalconium chloride (BAC) and dibromo nitrilepropionamide (DBNPA) are two biocides which are frequently used in the water treatment industry. Therefore, risk assessment of them are quite urgent. Hence, in this study, we investigate safety and potential toxicity of these biocides. Methods: The animals were randomly divided into 15 groups of five. Seven groups related to BAC and seven groups related to DBNPA, which received separately doses of 50, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), as they were treated orally (gavage) every 48 hours for two weeks; so that each group received a total of seven doses, respectively. Biochemical markers and hematological parameters were evaluated for toxicity assessment of BAC and DBNPA in female wistar rats. Results: Our findings demonstrated that the toxicity of DBNPA was more than BAC. The safe concentration was obtained 175 and 75.5 mg/kg in water for BAC and DBNPA, respectively. LD50 for BAC was 2346 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), and for the DBNPA was 1062 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg). Lymphocyte level was significantly raised in groups that were treated with high doses of DBNPA. Other hematological parameters were not different significantly in both groups. In addition, there were no significant changes in biochemical parameters in both groups. Conclusion: To be conclude, BAC and DBNPA are safe and using them with standard concentrations in water treatment industries does not pose a problem for human health.
VL - 8
IS - 3
ER -

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Author Information

Aref Barkhordari

Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Jalal Hassan

Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Raham Armand

Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Ehsan Zayerzadeh

Department of Food Toxicology, Food Technology and Agricultural Products Research Center, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
Mohammad Kazem Koohi

Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Aref Barkhordari, Jalal Hassan, Raham Armand, Ehsan Zayerzadeh, Mohammad Kazem Koohi. (2023). Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats. International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 8(3), 33-36. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11

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ACS Style

Aref Barkhordari; Jalal Hassan; Raham Armand; Ehsan Zayerzadeh; Mohammad Kazem Koohi. Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats. Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2023, 8(3), 33-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11

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AMA Style

Aref Barkhordari, Jalal Hassan, Raham Armand, Ehsan Zayerzadeh, Mohammad Kazem Koohi. Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats. Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2023;8(3):33-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11,
  author = {Aref Barkhordari and Jalal Hassan and Raham Armand and Ehsan Zayerzadeh and Mohammad Kazem Koohi},
  title = {Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats},
  journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {33-36},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20230803.11},
  abstract = {Background: Biocides are compounds that could be obtained from natural sources or through chemical synthesis. They used to control or prevent harmful organisms. They contain active ingredients such as microorganisms and substances that affect harmful organisms. Although low-concentration biocides have been used to control pests, they can be harmful more than industrial chemicals because humans are directly and frequently exposed to such biocides. Benzoalconium chloride (BAC) and dibromo nitrilepropionamide (DBNPA) are two biocides which are frequently used in the water treatment industry. Therefore, risk assessment of them are quite urgent. Hence, in this study, we investigate safety and potential toxicity of these biocides. Methods: The animals were randomly divided into 15 groups of five. Seven groups related to BAC and seven groups related to DBNPA, which received separately doses of 50, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), as they were treated orally (gavage) every 48 hours for two weeks; so that each group received a total of seven doses, respectively. Biochemical markers and hematological parameters were evaluated for toxicity assessment of BAC and DBNPA in female wistar rats. Results: Our findings demonstrated that the toxicity of DBNPA was more than BAC. The safe concentration was obtained 175 and 75.5 mg/kg in water for BAC and DBNPA, respectively. LD50 for BAC was 2346 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), and for the DBNPA was 1062 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg). Lymphocyte level was significantly raised in groups that were treated with high doses of DBNPA. Other hematological parameters were not different significantly in both groups. In addition, there were no significant changes in biochemical parameters in both groups. Conclusion: To be conclude, BAC and DBNPA are safe and using them with standard concentrations in water treatment industries does not pose a problem for human health.},
 year = {2023}
}

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