Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats
Aref Barkhordari,
Jalal Hassan,
Raham Armand,
Ehsan Zayerzadeh,
Mohammad Kazem Koohi
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2023
Pages:
33-36
Received:
13 August 2023
Accepted:
28 August 2023
Published:
6 September 2023
Abstract: Background: Biocides are compounds that could be obtained from natural sources or through chemical synthesis. They used to control or prevent harmful organisms. They contain active ingredients such as microorganisms and substances that affect harmful organisms. Although low-concentration biocides have been used to control pests, they can be harmful more than industrial chemicals because humans are directly and frequently exposed to such biocides. Benzoalconium chloride (BAC) and dibromo nitrilepropionamide (DBNPA) are two biocides which are frequently used in the water treatment industry. Therefore, risk assessment of them are quite urgent. Hence, in this study, we investigate safety and potential toxicity of these biocides. Methods: The animals were randomly divided into 15 groups of five. Seven groups related to BAC and seven groups related to DBNPA, which received separately doses of 50, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), as they were treated orally (gavage) every 48 hours for two weeks; so that each group received a total of seven doses, respectively. Biochemical markers and hematological parameters were evaluated for toxicity assessment of BAC and DBNPA in female wistar rats. Results: Our findings demonstrated that the toxicity of DBNPA was more than BAC. The safe concentration was obtained 175 and 75.5 mg/kg in water for BAC and DBNPA, respectively. LD50 for BAC was 2346 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), and for the DBNPA was 1062 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg). Lymphocyte level was significantly raised in groups that were treated with high doses of DBNPA. Other hematological parameters were not different significantly in both groups. In addition, there were no significant changes in biochemical parameters in both groups. Conclusion: To be conclude, BAC and DBNPA are safe and using them with standard concentrations in water treatment industries does not pose a problem for human health.
Abstract: Background: Biocides are compounds that could be obtained from natural sources or through chemical synthesis. They used to control or prevent harmful organisms. They contain active ingredients such as microorganisms and substances that affect harmful organisms. Although low-concentration biocides have been used to control pests, they can be harmful...
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Proximate Composition Study in Leafy Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica Carinata A. Braun) Accessions
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2023
Pages:
37-40
Received:
14 August 2023
Accepted:
30 August 2023
Published:
13 September 2023
Abstract: Ethiopian mustard is one of the major traditional and common leafy vegetables in Ethiopia. It is a well-known and much-liked component of the local food system and diet. Farmers in Ethiopia grow Brassica carinata as a leafy vegetable in their gardens. This study was conducted to assess the proximate composition in leafy Ethiopian mustard genotypes. A total of 36 Ethiopian mustard genotypes were evaluated for proximate composition analysis (moisture, dry matter and protein content analysis). The research result revealed the presence of highly significant differences among Ethiopian mustard genotypes for all proximate composition analysis. The genotypes had mean values that ranged from 80.60 to 85.61% for moisture content and 14.39 to 19.40% for dry matter content. Acc. 21377 and 208404 had significantly the highest and lowest mean values, for moisture content and the reverse is true for dry matter content, respectively. The lowest moisture content in 208404 is a desirable characteristic for leafy vegetables to be kept for a long time before use. The genotypes had overall mean values of 11.36%, ranging from 6.55 to 14.76% for protein content. Acc. 21336 was characterized by the highest protein content without significant difference with mean values of Acc. 21374, 208598, and Acc. 212665. The variety S67 yellow seed has the lowest protein content. Generally, the Ethiopian mustard genotypes had higher proximate composition than most of leafy vegetable crops.
Abstract: Ethiopian mustard is one of the major traditional and common leafy vegetables in Ethiopia. It is a well-known and much-liked component of the local food system and diet. Farmers in Ethiopia grow Brassica carinata as a leafy vegetable in their gardens. This study was conducted to assess the proximate composition in leafy Ethiopian mustard genotypes....
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Ectomycorrhiza Formation of Tricholoma matsutake on Mature Pine Root in Situ
Yong Chan Kim,
Kol Nam,
Myong Song Kim,
Un Chol Kim,
Un Hyok Kim,
Myong Bok Kim,
Gum Chol Pak,
Hui Won Kim
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2023
Pages:
41-48
Received:
26 July 2023
Accepted:
4 September 2023
Published:
18 September 2023
Abstract: We studied on the ectomycorrhiza formation of Tricholoma matsutake on mature pine (Pinus densiflora) root using matsutake solid spawn in situ. To find out suitable medium for the solid spawn, the matsutake mycelium growths on different media were compared. Among them, GYP medium (glucose 20g, yeast extract 5g, peptone 5g, KH2PO4 1g, CaCl2 50mg and vitamin B1 50mg) and GWR medium (glucose 20g, wheat bran 50g, rice bran 50g, KH2PO4 1g, CaCl2 50mg and vitamin B1 50mg) showed good proliferation of matsutake mycelium. The GYP and GWR media were used to make charcoal and vermiculite-soil spawns. The ergosterol amounts of charcoal and vermiculite-soil spawns were 1.53 and 1.61 times higher than that of the natural shiro, respectively. In spring, the roots of about 30-year-old red pine were shortened with unsterilized scissors. About twelve months later, the regenerated root tips from shortened points were inoculated with charcoal and vermiculite-soil spawns, respectively. After four months by the inoculation with charcoal and vermiculite-soil spawns, 55% and 50% of experimental plots inoculated with charcoal and vermiculite-soil spawns revealed dichotomic root tips characteristic to ectomycorrhiza, respectively. The nested PCR amplification results confirmed that the dichotomous root tips were colonised by matsutake spawn. Our findings demonstrated that the ectomycorrhiza of T. matsutake could be formed on the mature pine root in situ by using matsutake solid spawns.
Abstract: We studied on the ectomycorrhiza formation of Tricholoma matsutake on mature pine (Pinus densiflora) root using matsutake solid spawn in situ. To find out suitable medium for the solid spawn, the matsutake mycelium growths on different media were compared. Among them, GYP medium (glucose 20g, yeast extract 5g, peptone 5g, KH2PO4 1g, CaCl2 50mg and ...
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