Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae)
Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree,
Kone Mama,
Soro Donafologo Baba,
Haba Jean Florent,
N’guettia Kossonou Roland,
Dembele Ardjouma
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
15-23
Received:
22 March 2022
Accepted:
23 April 2022
Published:
24 May 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11
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Abstract: Horticulture requires a significant use of chemical inputs due to the parasitic pressure to which it is exposed. Among these inputs are the herbicides that are the most used. Due to their mode of action and their selectivity, those based on 2,4-D, glyphosate and nicosulfuron are detected as being the most widely used. This massive use is not without consequences on the environment and particularly on soil. Herbicides are frequently implicated in the reduction of soil fertility and terrestrial biodiversity observed in agricultural areas. This situation requires the greatest caution and clear information on the environmental risks actually incurred by in situ studies. This study was initiated with the aim of evaluating the impact of herbicides on soil life by using Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms as bioindicators. To do this, each experimental plot on which microcosms of earthworms were deposited received a herbicide treatment based on 2,4-D, glyphosate or nicosulfuron at the concentrations recommended by the manufacturer. Parameters such as biomass, number of cocoons, hatching rate and number of individuals per cocoon were evaluated. After 35 days of exposure, no effect was observed on the biomass of earthworms. Reproductive parameters such as number of cocoons, hatching rate and number of individuals per cocoon were strongly reduced by 2,4-D herbicides. Those based on glyphosate and nicosulfuron only reduced to lesser degrees the number of cocoons laid per pair compared to 2,4-D. The acute avoidance reaction test was a function of the herbicide and its concentration used. At the end of this study, it appears that the treatment of 2,4-D, glyphosate or nicosulfuron at the manufacturer's concentrations poses a threat to the specific richness of earthworms; they therefore reduce soil fertility. Those based on 2,4-D exhibit severe toxicity to soil health.
Abstract: Horticulture requires a significant use of chemical inputs due to the parasitic pressure to which it is exposed. Among these inputs are the herbicides that are the most used. Due to their mode of action and their selectivity, those based on 2,4-D, glyphosate and nicosulfuron are detected as being the most widely used. This massive use is not withou...
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Stressors Influencing Availability of Shellfish in Zanzibar Island, Tanzania
Hassan Rashid Ali,
Khadija Mustafa Zuberi
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
24-31
Received:
25 April 2022
Accepted:
11 May 2022
Published:
24 May 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Shellfish play crucial roles in the ecosystem as well as for human. In recent decades, there is an increased concern to constant extraction of these shellfish and climatic events disrupt their production. Previous studies showed increasing of deterioration of shellfish in the coast. This study assessed the current stressors affecting shellfish availability from three study sites, which are Nyamanzi, Pongwe and Unguja Ukuu of Zanzibar Island, Tanzania. A cross-sectional design was used to gather information from the gleaners. Data were collected from each study site through interview-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, in which bar-chart; pi-chart and percentage distribution were specifically employed for descriptive part, whereas Chi-squired test and Fisher exact test were used to test statistical significance of the relationship between dependent variables and each of independent variables. The results of this study show that, there is a relationship between climatic and non-climatic variables (p-value < 0.05) resulting to the decrease in the number of shellfish. The climatic factors considered in this study are increase in sea surface temperature (SST), strong winds, ocean acidification, sea level rise (SLR) and sand accumulation while the non-climatic human factors are tourism activities, husk burying, seaweed farming, boat anchorage and poor fishing methods; causing adverse affect in shellfish production. Therefore, in order to obtain shellfish sustainability; authority must emphasize on strong policies regulation, implementation and enforcement on shellfish conservation and management in the future.
Abstract: Shellfish play crucial roles in the ecosystem as well as for human. In recent decades, there is an increased concern to constant extraction of these shellfish and climatic events disrupt their production. Previous studies showed increasing of deterioration of shellfish in the coast. This study assessed the current stressors affecting shellfish avai...
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